Kavelj, Nela.
(2013).
The role of time perspectives in the expression of unpleasant emotional states in women and men.
Diploma Thesis. Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Department of Psychology.
[mentor Jokić-Begić, Nataša].
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the link between time perspective and depression, anxiety and stress. The possibility of gender differences in expressions and patterns of connections between the chosen variables, taking into consideration their demographic characteristics (age and level of education), and positive and negative affect has been examined. The research was conducted on a sample of 719 participants, 574 women and 145 men, ranging from 18 to 66 years old. The instruments used in this research were Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (Lovibond i Lovibond, 1995), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark i Tellegen, 1988), and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo i Boyd, 1999).
The results showed that women were significantly more focused on the past positive, present fatalistic and future time perspective, and they achieved significantly higher results on the anxiety and stress, while on depression no gender differences were found. The presence of past negative time perspective has been shown as the only mental risk factor when it comes to men, and this factor cannot be percieved as gender selective. However, a much more complex situation has been shown in women sample. Aside from the past negative time perspective, the lower past positive and future time perspective predicted a higher depression, while the higher present hedonistic and the lower past positive time perspective predicted a higher anxiety and stress in women.
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