Historical and liturgical specifics of euchological formularies of the Early Stage of Slavonic Liturgy (10th – 14th century), with a special reference on Prefaces

Kuhar, Kristijan. (2017). Historical and liturgical specifics of euchological formularies of the Early Stage of Slavonic Liturgy (10th – 14th century), with a special reference on Prefaces. PhD Thesis. Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Department of History.
(Poslijediplomski doktorski studij medievistike) [mentor Žagar, Mateo and Crnčević, Ante].

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Abstract

Historical and liturgical specifics of euchological formularies of the Early Stage of Slavonic Liturgy (10th – 14th century), with a special reference on Prefaces is the title of this doctoral thesis which research foundations of the Slavonic liturgical tradition that was founded in the 9th century, and that has its continuity in Croatian Glagolitic tradition, through middle ages till 20th century. Starting with the issue of liturgical affiliation of Croatian Glagolitic monuments that are reflecting features of Roman liturgical tradition, the aim of this research is to discover the roots of the Slavic liturgical tradition and its specifics that are contained in euchological formularies and prefaces, in a relation to the Roman liturgical tradition. The historical period of this research is defined as the Early Stage of Slavonic Liturgy. Other stages are defined within this research by using typology of Roman liturgical books that are preserved in the Old Church Slavonic language and Glagolitic letters. The research of specifics was done by using the historical-critical and historicalcomparative method of the research of euchological formularies, with the analysis of Glagolitic texts and comparison with the Latin texts contained in the Sacramentaries of the same historical period. The aim of this methodological approach is to prove liturgical affiliation of the Early Stage of Slavonic Liturgy to the Roman rite. In the search of tradition of text, we also made historical-comparative analysis with the Illirico 4 Glagolitic missal. In the part of historical research, analysed historical resources, such as papal correspondence in the 9th century, reveal that the question of liturgical affiliation was not of such importance to the roman pontiffs. Their decrees and letters are referring to the question of liturgical language and church jurisdiction. Mentioning the liturgical language and care about the church discipline in the parts of their jurisdiction, could point out to the Roman liturgy. The Lifes of Saint Constantine-Cyril and Methodius, as the historical sources, are not pointing to a liturgical affiliation, as much as the question of the invention of Glagolitic letters, liturgical language and the foundation and existence of the Pannonian-Moravian diocese. In the corpus of eleven Old Church Slavonic liturgical sources, dated from 10th to 14th century, the euchological formularies are analysed by using the historical-critical and historicalcomparative method. With this research, we discovered that the euchological formularies and euchological elements of the Early Stage of Slavonic liturgy are translated from the Latin sacramentaries which could be connected, by their typology, to the North Italian area, i.e. to the Aquileia Patriarchate and its vicinity, the dioceses on the border of the East Frankish Kingdom with Moravia and Pannonia. The specifics contained in the euchological formularies of the Early Stage of Slavonic liturgy relates to the way of translating from Latin to the Old Church Slavonic, in the way of adopting Latin liturgical and theological expression to the Old Church Slavonic language and understanding. A part of the corpus, that belongs to Croatian Glagolitic tradition, points out to the textual influences of the liturgical traditions of North and Central Italy, namely Ambrosian, Ravenna and Benevento liturgical traditions. This also concludes that there had to be translated to the Old Church Slavonic language some plenary missal “secundum consuetudinem Romanae curiae” that belongs to the pre-Franciscan redaction of the plenary missal. The comparison with the Illirico 4 missal, had presented that there was a partial textual tradition, in those fragments of the sources that belonged to the same type of the liturgical book. With the special analysis, we made a research of the prefaces, searching for the specifics, or the indigenous texts. The initiative to make a historical-critical and historical-comparative analysis of the prefaces of sources of the Early Stage of Slavonic liturgy is the search for historical and liturgical specifics and the search for the possible indigenous texts, texts that are the product of liturgical and literary creativity of the Early Stage. By this research, among twenty-one prefaces, only one, that of the Vienna leaflets, presents the indigenous text that is inspired by patristic literature and roman liturgical tradition. Other prefaces are reflecting the roman structure, roman terminology, and roman affiliation, with the minor specifics in translations. The Early Stage of the Slavonic liturgy belongs to the Roman liturgical tradition, and this is the conclusion of the research of the euchological formularies and prefaces of the liturgical sources of the Early Stage. With this research, we also found a typological affiliation of the Slavonic Glagolitic sources, that belongs to the sacramentaries, and later to the plenary missals of the Roman rite. This also points to the areas of liturgical influence on the Slavonic Liturgy, and to the Croatian Glagolitic liturgical tradition, and those areas are north Adriatic and transalpine church provinces. We might call those areas of influence a contact area of the two liturgical traditions of the same Rite, but different language. The conclusions of this research leave the spaces for a future research of this and other paleoslavistic and liturgical comparative studies, due to a limitation of this type of research and to a numerous of liturgical sources that are still unsearched. As a firm result, we might point out that a finding of the exact manuscript that was a template for a translation to Old Church Slavonic language is a mission impossible, due to numerous liturgical sources, mixing of textual traditions, etc. As a terminological reference, with this doctoral thesis, we suggest introducing the exact scientific terminology in the paleoslavistic studies, so that the results of these studies could be usable for the liturgical and other humanistic studies. So, we suggest that the terms “Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic, Glagolitic” liturgy are leading to the conclusion that it is a specific rite and liturgy that has its theological tradition, and it has its differentiation to a Roman or Byzantine rite. But these conclusions are wrong, as it is presented in the conclusions of the research of the historical and liturgical specifics in this dissertation. The terms “Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic, Glagolitic” liturgy should be supplemented by the term “Roman”: Roman Old Church Slavonic, Roman-Slavonic, Roman Glagolitic liturgy. These terms could be relevant to the liturgical and theological researches and studies.

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